gene@@1	gene	gene	12289660	In order to understand the degree to which a particular <b>gene</b> is similar from species to species , DNA preparations from a set of species is isolated and spread over a surface . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	1555123	Carcinogenesis and cancer prevention : epidemiology , genetic and environmental triggers , <b>gene</b> – environment interactions and strategies for reducing risk . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	15794201	The Sur laboratory also studies genes involved in constructing the cerebral cortex , and the ways in which <b>gene</b> networks are influenced by brain activity . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	17373554	The interspersed repeat is an isolating mechanism enabling new genes to evolve without interference from the progenitor <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	17724098	Mutations in the FLCN <b>gene</b> may interfere with the ability of folliculin to restrain cell growth and division , leading to the formation of noncancerous and cancerous tumors . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	17724102	These genetic changes result in no functional copies of the FLCN <b>gene</b> in these cells , allowing the cells to divide uncontrollably and form tumors . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	18741058	This is one example of how <b>gene</b> expression responds rapidly to changes in the cell ' s internal and external environments . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	19440662	Mutations in the SCN4A <b>gene</b> alter the usual structure and function of sodium channels . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	20477223	The protein encoded by this <b>gene</b> is a basic - helix - loop - helix PAS ( bHLH - PAS ) domain containing protein that forms a heterodimer with a second bHLH - PAS protein , CLOCK , or its ortholog , Npas2 . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	20605128	Subsequent studies have suggested that at least some of the SNAP - 25 <b>gene</b> mutations in humans might predispose to ADHD 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	21073691	He is best known for his discoveries of the first human oncogene Ras and the first tumor supressor <b>gene</b> Rb . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	21384109	The <b>gene</b> in question is inactivated by insertional mutation ; a transposon is used which inserts itself into the gene sequence . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	21600465	It is present in a number of specific neurological diseases , notably : Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy , a specific disease cause by mutation in the : Fukutin <b>gene</b> ( FKTN ) . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	22706713	With recent advances in science it was subsequently found that Siberian Tiger genes have mixed with the otherwise pure Bengal Tiger <b>gene</b> pool of Dudhwa National Park . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	23148067	Putative initiation and stop codons for the human nestin <b>gene</b> were found at the same positions as in the rat gene , in regions where overall similarity was very high . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	25334144	Recent research on the p16 <b>gene</b> , published in Nature in September 2006 , indicates that its increased expression as organisms age reduces the proliferation of stem cells . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	25778420	The tongue - in - cheek Darwin Award is given as a posthumous recognition , since one of the criteria for receiving it is that the recipient must have committed an act that unintentionally led to their own removal from the human <b>gene</b> pool , i.e. , either their own death or self - sterilization . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	26022446	Transcription : The first step in <b>gene</b> expression , in which a messenger RNA molecule complementary to particular gene encoded in DNA is synthesized by enzymes called RNA polymerases . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	26663989	Most often , the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered <b>gene</b> but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder themselves . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	26884673	This is caused by a genetic mutation of the MDR1 <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	26899754	A systematic understanding of these regulatory sequences and how they together act as a <b>gene</b> regulatory network is only beginning to emerge from computational , high - throughput expression and comparative genomics studies . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	27176078	Torres , remembering painful events from her own childhood , urges the Doctor to perform <b>gene</b> therapy to reduce this phenotype , and even goes so far as to reprogram him to do so . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	29841280	Brugada syndrome is another ventricular arrhythmia caused by voltage - gated sodium channel <b>gene</b> mutations . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	30082005	Diploidization could not fully justify this ratio because phylogenetic studies failed to resolve a four - <b>gene</b> - clusters of ( AB ) ( CD ) tree topology in vertebrates . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	33632594	A second 3.4 kilobase pair deletion within the glycophorin C <b>gene</b> eliminates only exon 2 by a similar mechanism and generates the mutant gene encoding for the abnormal glycoprotein found on Ge - 2 , + 3 erythrocytes . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	34445895	Also , the gap and pair rule genes are expressed transiently while segment polarity <b>gene</b> expression is maintained throughout development . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	3534662	In modern biology , it is generally accepted that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral <b>gene</b> pool . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	35803424	Interleukin 1 alpha , or IL - 1 α , is a <b>gene</b> that encodes a protein which is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	36639875	One ( O ) lies in the end of the lacI <b>gene</b> and the other ( O ) is about 400 bp downstream in the early part of lacZ . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	36745346	He has made pioneering contributions in the development of genetically engineered plants , and the study of <b>gene</b> expression in them . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	37134019	These translocations may result in incorrect <b>gene</b> regulation , and ( ultimately ) cancer . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	37397017	FTO <b>gene</b> , a gene which appears to be correlated with obesity in humans 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	37848869	Most often , the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder each carry one copy of the altered <b>gene</b> , but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	37944791	Ghosh , S. , Regulation of inducible <b>gene</b> expression by the transcription factor NF - kappaB . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	39642309	As the altered HD <b>gene</b> is passed from one generation to the next , the size of the CAG repeat expansion can change ; it often increases in size , especially when it is inherited from the father . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	39724238	Foreign <b>gene</b> expression in plants can be accomplished either by stable integration of foreign DNA or by transient expression using modified plant viruses . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	39919467	Despite its appearance , there is no ' wild ' DNA in the Ocicat ' s <b>gene</b> pool . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	40581976	Peer review only weeds out the most obvious errors of commission or omission in this area , and then only when an author provides adequate representations ( e.g. , illustrations , recordings , <b>gene</b> sequences ) of the specimens in question . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	40639041	It is one of the three enzyme functions coded by the CAD <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	40875674	OCA2 was previously known because , when mutated , the <b>gene</b> can result in a type of albinism . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	42070939	X - inactivation occurs so that the female , with two X chromosomes , does not have twice as many X chromosome <b>gene</b> products as the male , which only possess a single copy of the X chromosome ( see dosage compensation ) . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	43260088	This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern , which means two copies of the <b>gene</b> in each cell are altered . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	44227110	A culture of cells containing non - integrated F plasmids usually contains a few that have accidentally become integrated , and these are responsible for those low - frequency chromosomal <b>gene</b> transfers which do occur in such cultures . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	44468728	Only the number of extant copies ( and where those copies reside ) determine the measurable success of a <b>gene</b> or of a meme . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	45778004	Tsunami is spotted , but Jahzara is a melanistic jaglion due to inheriting the jaguar ' s dominant melanism <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	46516325	Isozymes are usually the result of <b>gene</b> duplication , but can also arise from polyploidisation or nucleic acid hybridization . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	47478784	Furthermore , he says , it is likely to siphon funds from established and working projects and does not address any of the issues underlying animal extinction ( such as habitat destruction , hunting or other overexploitation , and an impoverished <b>gene</b> pool ) . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	47707813	The resulting colour of an individual flower will depend on which two alleles it possesses for the <b>gene</b> and how the two interact . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	47975673	The United States Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) has observed that \" a patent on a <b>gene</b> covers the isolated and purified gene but does not cover the gene as it occurs in nature \" . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	48537155	Hp exists in two allelic forms in the human population , so called Hp1 and Hp2 ; the latter one having arisen due to the partial duplication of Hp1 <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	48641914	Terra Soft also maintains the Y - HPC ( High Performance Computing ) Cluster Construction and Management Suite and Y - Bio <b>gene</b> sequencing tools . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	48968368	The SOS response is the term used to describe changes in <b>gene</b> expression in Escherichia coli and other bacteria in response to DNA damage . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	49056941	Promoters represent critical elements that can work in concert with other regulatory regions ( enhancers , silencers , boundary elements  insulators ) to direct the level of transcription of a given <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	5001683	Studies have shown that to prevent the lung manifestations of cystic fibrosis , only 5 - 10 % the normal amount of CFTR <b>gene</b> expression is needed . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	51104820	A transgene is a <b>gene</b> or genetic material which has been transferred by any of a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	51900456	The estimate of the sibling phenotypic correlation is an index on familiality which is equal to half the additive genetic variance plus the common environment variance when there is only additive <b>gene</b> action . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	5193369	There are several layers of regulation of <b>gene</b> expression , one of which is remodelling of chromatin , the complex of DNA and the histone proteins with which it associates . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	55092125	In addition there is a recessive longhair <b>gene</b> producing the Longhair Burmilla . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	55678456	Initial studies have indicated that miRNAs regulate <b>gene</b> expression post - transcriptionally at the level of translational inhibition at P - bodies in the cytoplasm . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	56850309	snoRNA U79 is found in intron 7 of the gas5 <b>gene</b> in humans and is also present in mice . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	58286626	A bibliography on learning causal networks of <b>gene</b> interactions - regularly updated , contains hundreds of links to papers from bioinformatics , statistics , machine learning . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	59247154	If the mutant <b>gene</b> is inherited , the offspring will be heterozygous for the mutant gene , and will suffer from the disorder . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	59748053	This <b>gene</b> codes for a protein ( or microRNA or other diffusible molecule ) that will be used in the regulation of another target gene . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	59912388	Lymphedema distichiasis is a medical condition associated with the FOXC2 <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	60353729	The HgcC <b>gene</b> product was experimentally validated by Northern blot and RACE - PCR analysis . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	63530	Through <b>gene</b> therapy , many deadly diseases ( cancer , etc. ) have been cured through these tests . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	6487713	This led to the \" one <b>gene</b> , one enzyme \" hypothesis that states that specific genes code for specific proteins . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	6519938	Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP ) is caused by mutations in the APC <b>gene</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	6696964	The use of Ashbya gossypii as a model organism is particularly promising because of the high level of <b>gene</b> order conservation ( synteny ) between the genomes of A. gossypii and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	7262254	Like the NF1 and NF2 genes , the candidate Schwannomatosis <b>gene</b> , named INI1 , is a tumor suppressor that regulates cell cycle , growth and differentiation . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	10482796	The following are some of the <b>genes</b> located on chromosome 18 : 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	12892563	Several <b>genes</b> have been implicated in the etiology of Walker - Warburg syndrome , and others are as yet unknown . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	13255870	Genome sequencing reveals that obligate bacterial endosymbionts of insects have among the smallest of known bacterial genomes and have lost many <b>genes</b> that are commonly found in closely related bacteria . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	13864520	The solution , Leto shows her , is that humans need to escape the prescient trap ; which is where Siona ' s own <b>genes</b> ( which render her invisible and unpredictable by prescience ) come in , and also the no - ships and the repression of peoples in the Old Empire . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	1439248	In yeast , <b>genes</b> involved in the control of mating type are found in these silent regions , and SIR2 represses their expression by maintaining a silent - competent chromatin structure in this region . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	15153658	Two - thirds of DMD incidences are inherited from the mother , while the remaining one - third are caused by mutations in the <b>genes</b> of the egg or embryo . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	24867436	As long as an organism survives its childhood and manages to reproduce thus passing its <b>genes</b> down to the next generation , what happens to the parent organism afterwards does not really bother genes . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	30081993	The duplicated <b>genes</b> can undergo neofunctionalization or subfunctionalization which could help the organism adapt to the new environment or survive different stress conditions . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	30094806	As far as possible , the nomenclature for <b>genes</b> and proteins are standardized within genera and families . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	30252754	The first suggests that the virus is derived from wasp <b>genes</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	32438628	The individuals without the <b>genes</b> are therefore disfavored , and the favorable genes spread in the population by the death ( or lowered fertility ) of the individuals without the genes . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	34633398	In the evolutionary sense , it would be extraordinary for normal <b>genes</b> ( those for types A and B ) to have evolved from abnormal genes ( for type O ) . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	34986014	Phylogenetic analysis of the ciliates has presented a challenge to researchers due to the presence of both a \" germ line \" micronucleus containing the <b>genes</b> passed from generation to generation and a \" somatic \" macronucleus within each organism . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	37411990	They are an abundant member of the alphaproteobacteria - SAR11 clade and were originally known only from their rRNA <b>genes</b> , which were first identified in environmental samples from the Sargasso Sea in 1990 . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	38401063	His Tumour Virus Group at Cold Spring Harbor identified and mapped all of the major <b>genes</b> of adenoviruses and SV40 , determined their transcriptional control in infected and transformed cells , and elucidated the mechanism of integration of these viruses into the genome of the host cell . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	38731329	She received her PhD in 1981 from MIT where , in Graham Walker ' s laboratory , she was the first to look for <b>genes</b> on the basis of their activity profiles , discovering that DNA - damaging agents activate a battery of DNA repair genes in E. coli . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	39091326	Repression of <b>genes</b> that are essential for the continuing of the cell cycle . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	42898188	The following are some of the diseases related to <b>genes</b> located on chromosome 5 : 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	42912036	To this end they are studying the variation in the human genome and have led an international effort which has assembled a library of 2.1 million Single nucleotide polymorphisms ( SNP ) these act as markers or signposts in the genome allowing the identification of disease susceptibility <b>genes</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	43976329	Certain HLA DR and DQ <b>genes</b> have known involvement in autoimmune diseases . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	45981371	He argued that all animal behavior , even that of humans , is influenced by <b>genes</b> and never entirely of free will . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	4603476	In a 1975 paper in Nature , Goodman did the same for the DNA sequences of the hemoglobin <b>genes</b> . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	48449363	Once inside the nucleus the active STAT dimer binds to cytokine inducible promoter regions of <b>genes</b> containing gamma activated site ( GAS ) motif and activate transcription of these genes . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	53874409	The proteins made by both <b>genes</b> are essential for repairing damaged DNA . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	54987808	The Benner laboratory was an originator of the field of experimental paleogenetics , where <b>genes</b> and proteins from ancient organisms are resurrected using bioinformatics and recombinant DNA technology [ 13 ] . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	57006702	Such an organism can be created by crossing together two organisms that carry one mutation each , in two different <b>genes</b> , and selecting for the presence of both mutations simultaneously in an individual offspring . 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	genes	7832421	Human accelerated regions - the name of some human <b>genes</b> 	1.0
gene@@1	gene	gene	33273829	The <b>gene</b> - for - gene relationship was discovered by H.H. Flor who was working with rust ( Melampsora lini ) of flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) . 	0.666666666666667
gene@@1	gene	gene	52521466	The satin coat is shiny and gives the appearance of being wet or greasy and the <b>gene</b> enhances the fur ' s color and gives it lift . 	0.666666666666667
